Mormonism and Wikipedia/Joseph Smith, Jr./1838 to 1839

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An analysis of Wikipedia article "Joseph Smith"

1831 to 1838

A FairMormon Analysis of Wikipedia: "Joseph Smith" A work by a collaboration of authors (Link to Wikipedia article here)

1838 - 1844

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Reviews of previous revisions of this section

19 May 2009

Summary: A review of this section as it appeared in Wikipedia on 19 May 2009.

Section review

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

After leaving Jackson County, the Saints in Missouri established the town of Far West. Smith's plans to redeem Zion in Jackson County had lapsed by 1838,

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , p. 157 (After Zion's Camp disbanded, Smith had predicted that Zion would be redeemed on 11 September 1836); Hill (1977) , pp. 181–82 (noting an account that Smith predicted in 1834 that Jackson County would be redeemed "within three years"); Bushman (2005) , p. 384 (noting that by 1839, Smith "was giving up the campaign to recover Jackson County").

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

and after Smith and Rigdon arrived in Missouri, Far West became the new Mormon "Zion."

Author's sources: *Roberts (1905) , p. 24 (referring to the Far West church as the "church in Zion"); Bushman (2005) , p. 345 (The revelation calling Far West "Zion" had the effect of "implying that Far West was to take the place of Independence.")

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

In Missouri, the church also received a new name: the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,"

Author's sources: *Roberts (1905) , p. 24; Quinn (1994) , p. 628 (noting that some Kirtland dissenters had claimed that Smith had become the anti-Christ in 1834 when he changed the church's name from "Church of Christ" to "Church of Latter Day Saints," deleting the name of Jesus).

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

and construction began on a new temple.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 210, 222–23.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Soon after Smith and Rigdon arrived at Far West, hundreds of disaffected Saints in Kirtland, suddenly realizing "the enormity of their loss," followed them to Missouri.

Author's sources: *Remini (2002) , p. 125; Brodie (1971) , p. 210 ("Joseph's going had left a void that they had found intolerable. With each passing week they remembered less of their prophet's financial ineptitude and more of his genial warmth and his magnetic presence in the pulpit.")

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

But Smith was unable to reconcile with many of the oldest and most prominent leaders of the church, and he purged those critics who had not yet resigned.

Author's sources: *Marquardt (2005) , p. 463 (listing Oliver Cowdery (Assistant President of the Church), Frederick G. Williams (First Presidency), David and John Whitmer (Book of Mormon witnesses and presidency of Missouri), William Phelps (presidency of Missouri), Martin Harris, Hiram Page, and Jacob Whitmer (Book of Mormon witnesses), and Lyman E. Johnson, John F. Boynton, Luke S. Johnson, and William E. McLellin (Quorum of the Twelve)); Remini (2002) , p. 128; Quinn (1994) , p. 93.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Though Smith hated violence, his experiences led him to believe that his faith's survival required greater militancy against anti-Mormons and Mormon traitors.

Author's sources: *Quinn (1994) , p. 92; Brodie (1971) , p. 213 ("From the bottom of his heart Joseph hated violence, but his people were demanding something more than meekness and compromise. It was common gossip among the old settlers that the Mormons would never fight; and Joseph came to realize that in a country where a man's gun spoke faster than his wits, to be known as a pacifist was to invite plundering."); Bushman (2005) , p. 355.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

With his knowledge and at least partial approval,

Author's sources: *Quinn (1994) , p. 93 (arguing that Smith and Rigdon were aware of the Danite organization and sanctioned their activities); Brodie (1971) , pp. 215–16 (arguing that Sampson Avard had Smith's sanction); Hill (1977) , p. 225 (concluding that Smith had at least peripheral involvement and gave early approval to Danite activities); Bushman (2005) , pp. 346–51 (Danites were under oath to be "completely submissive" to the First Presidency.)

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

recent convert Sampson Avard formed a covert organization called the Danites

Author's sources: *There are two explanations for the name: (1) that it was a reference to the vision of Daniel of a stone cut out of a mountain in Dan. 2:44–45 (Quinn (1994) , p. 93; Brodie (1097) , p. 215 (quoting Smith)), and (2) that it was a reference to the biblical Danites of Judges 18 Brodie (1971) , p. 216 (quoting Smith).

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

to intimidate Mormon dissenters and oppose anti-Mormon militia units.

Author's sources: *Quinn (1994) , p. 93; Brodie (1971) , p. 213 ("They would not only defend the Saints against aggression from the old settlers, but also act as a bodyguard for the presidency and as a secret police for ferreting out dissenters."); Remini (2002) , p. 129.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Sidney Rigdon was working to restore the United Order, but lawsuits by Oliver Cowdery and other dissenters threatened that plan.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , p. 217.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

After Rigdon issued a thinly veiled threat in a sermon,

Author's sources: *Rigdon said that "if the salt have lost its savor, wherewith shall it be salted? It is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men."

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

the Danites expelled the dissenters from the county

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 218–19 (Danites issued a written death threat, and when that didn't work they surrounded the dissenters' homes and "ordered their wives to pack their blankets and leave the county immediately"); Quinn (1994) , pp. 94–95.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

with Smith's approval.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 352 ("Joseph certainly favored evicting dissenters...").

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

In a keynote speech at the town's Fourth of July celebration, Rigdon issued similar threats against non-Mormons, promising a "war of extermination" should Mormons be attacked.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 222–23; Remini (2002) , pp. 131–33.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

After Rigdon's oration, Smith shouted "Hosannah!"

Author's sources: *Remini (2002) , pp. 133.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

and allowed the speech to be published as a pamphlet.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 223; Quinn (1994) , p. 96 (noting that Smith also advertised the speech in the church periodical).

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Rigdon's July 4 oration produced a flood of anti-Mormon rhetoric in Missouri newspapers and stump speeches during the political campaign leading up to the August 6, 1838 Missouri elections.

Author's sources: *Remini (2002) , p. 133.

• Remini notes that Mormons were "denounced as murderers, thieves, idolaters, blasphemers, and liars," and that they needed to be "driven from the state."

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

In Daviess County, where Mormon influence was increasing because of their new settlement of Adam-ondi-Ahman,

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 357 (noting that in Daviess County, Missouri, non-Mormons "watched local government fall into the hands of people they saw as deluded fanatics.").

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

this election descended into violence when non-Mormons sought to prevent Mormons from voting. Although there were no immediate deaths,

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 357; Brodie (1971) , pp. 225–26.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

the election scuffles initiated the 1838 Mormon War,

Author's sources: *Remini (2002) , p. 134; Quinn (1994) , p. 96.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

which quickly escalated as non-Mormon vigilantes raided and burned Mormon farms.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , p. 227

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Meanwhile, under Smith's general oversight and command,

Author's sources: *Quinn (1994) , pp. 98–99, 101.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

the Danites and other Mormon forces pillaged non-Mormon towns.

Author's sources: *Quinn (1994) , pp. 97–98 (Mormon forces, primarily the Danites, pillaged Millport and Gallatin, and when apostles Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde prepared an affidavit against these Mormon attacks, they were excommunicated); Brodie (1971) , p. 232 (Wagons returned from Millport and Gallatin "piled high with 'consecrated property'".); Bushman (2005) , p. 371 (Smith "believed his people could rightfully confiscate property in compensation for their own losses to the Missourians but no more".).

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

During this time, Smith and other Mormon leaders helped inflame Mormon sentiment with militant rhetoric including a promise to "establish our religion with the sword" if molested.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , p. 230 (speech dated October 14, 1838 at the Far West town square); Bushman (2005) , p. 352.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

His rhetoric perhaps produced greater militancy among Mormons than he had intended.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , pp. 370–72.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

When Mormons attacked the Missouri state militia at the Battle of Crooked River in an attempt to rescue some captured Mormons,

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 364 ("Resisting a band of vigilantes was justifiable, but attacking a militia company was resistance to the state."); Quinn (1994) , p. 100 (stating that the Extermination Order and the Haun's Mill massacre resulted from Mormon actions at the Battle of Crooked River); Brodie (1971) , p. 234 (noting that Boggs was also told about Smith's "second Mohammed" speech and Mormon admissions that they had plundered Millport and Gallatin).

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Governor Boggs ordered that the Mormons be "exterminated or driven from the state."

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 367 (Boggs' executive order stated that the Mormon community had "made war upon the people of this State" and that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace"). In 1976, Missouri issued a formal apology for this order Bushman (2005) , p. 398.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Before word of this order got out, non-Mormon vigilantes surprised and killed about 18 Mormons, including children, in the Haun's Mill massacre, effectively ending the war.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , pp. 365–66; Quinn (1994) , p. 97.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

On November 1, 1838, the Saints surrendered to 2,500 state troops, and agreed to forfeit their property and leave the state.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , pp. 366–67; Brodie (1971) , p. 239.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Smith was court-martialed and nearly executed for treason, but militiaman Alexander Doniphan, who was also the Saints' attorney, probably saved Smith's life by insisting that he was a civilian.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 367 (noting that Smith was saved by Alexander Doniphan, a Missouri militia leader who had acted as the Saints legal council (pp. 242, 344)); Brodie (1971) .

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Smith was then sent to a state court for a preliminary hearing,

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 369; Brodie (1971) , pp. 243–45.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

where several of his former allies, including Danite commander Sampson Avard, turned state's evidence.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 369; Brodie (1971) , pp. 225–26.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Smith and five others, including Rigdon, were charged with "overt acts of treason,"

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 369.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

and transferred to the jail at Liberty, Missouri to await trial.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , pp. 369–70.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Smith's months in prison with Rigdon strained their relationship,

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , p. 251. Smith bore his harsh imprisonment "stoically, almost cheerfully, for there was a serenity in his nature that enabled him to accept trouble along with glory," (Brodie (1971) , p. 245; Bushman (2005) , pp. 375–77) whereas Rigdon was both sick and a whiner Brodie (1971) , p. 251.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

and Brigham Young rose in prominence as Smith's defender.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 245–46.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Under Young's leadership, about 14,000 Saints

Author's sources: *Remini (2002) , p. 138.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

made their way to Illinois and searched for land to purchase.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 248–50.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Smith bade his time writing contemplative statements directed mainly to Mormons.

Author's sources: *Remini (2002) , pp. 136–37; Brodie (1971) , pp. 245.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

He did not deny responsibility for the Danites, but he said he had been ignorant of Avard's extreme militancy.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 246 (noting, in addition, that Smith oddly denied the ubiquitous rumor of polygamy, which had not come up in his trial). The Danites dissolved in 1838, but their members formed the backbone of Smith's security forces in Nauvoo. Quinn , pp. 101–02.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Though it had not been an issue in his preliminary hearing, he denied rumors of polygamy,

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , p. 246.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

as he quietly planned how to reveal the principle to his followers.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 252–53.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Many Saints now considered Smith a fallen prophet, but he assured them he still had the heavenly keys.

Author's sources: *Brodie (1971) , pp. 245–46.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

He directed the Saints to collect and publish all their stories of persecution, and to moderate their antagonism to non-Mormons.

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , pp. 377–78.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

Smith and his companions tried to escape at least twice during their four-month imprisonment,

Author's sources: *Bushman (2005) , p. 375; Brodie (1971) , pp. 250–51.

The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:

and on April 6, 1839, on their way to a different jail after their grand jury hearing, they succeeded by bribing the sheriff.

Author's sources: *Brodie (2005) , pp. 253–55 (The bribe was a jug of honey whiskey brought by Smith's brother Hyrum, which the sheriff used to get drunk while the prisoners escaped, and the promise of $800, which the Sheriff collected later.); Bushman (2005) , pp. 382, 635–36.

References

Wikipedia references for "Joseph Smith, Jr."

• Abanes, Richard, (2003), One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church Thunder's Mouth Press
• Allen, James B., The Significance of Joseph Smith's "First Vision" in Mormon Thought off-site .
• (1992), The Mormon Experience University of Illinois Press .
• (1980), The Lion and the Lady: Brigham Young and Emma Smith off-site .
• Bergera, Gary James (editor) (1989), Line Upon Line: Essays on Mormon Doctrine Signature Books .
• Bloom, Harold, (1992), The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation Simon & Schuster .
• Booth, Ezra, Mormonism—Nos. VIII–IX (Letters to the editor) off-site .
• Brodie, Fawn M., (1971), No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith Knopf .
• Brooke, , (1994), The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844 Cambridge University Press .
• Bushman, Richard Lyman, (2005), Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling , New York: Knopf .
• Clark, John A., (1842), Gleanings by the Way , Philadelphia: W.J. & J.K Simmon off-site .
• Compton, Todd, (1997), In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith Signature Books .
• Foster, Lawrence, (1981), Religion and Sexuality: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community , New York: Oxford University Press .
• Harris, Martin, (1859), Mormonism—No. II off-site .
• Hill, Donna, (1977), Joseph Smith: The first Mormon , Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co. .
• Hill, Marvin S., (1976), Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties off-site .
• Hill, Marvin S., (1989), Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism Signature Books off-site .
• Howe, Eber Dudley, (1834), Mormonism Unvailed: Or, A Faithful Account of that Singular Imposition and Delusion, from its Rise to the Present Time , Painesville, Ohio: Telegraph Press off-site .
• Hullinger, Robert N., (1992), Joseph Smith's Response to Skepticism Signature Books off-site .
• Jessee, Dean, (1976), Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History off-site .
• Lapham, [La]Fayette, (1870), Interview with the Father of Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, Forty Years Ago. His Account of the Finding of the Sacred Plates off-site .
• Larson, Stan, (1978), The King Follett Discourse: A Newly Amalgamated Text off-site .
• Mormon History off-site .
• Mack, Solomon, (1811), A Narraitve [sic] of the Life of Solomon Mack Windsor: Solomon Mack off-site .
• (1994), Inventing Mormonism Signature Books .
• Marquardt, H. Michael, (1999), The Joseph Smith Revelations: Text and Commentary Signature Books .
• Marquardt, H. Michael, (2005), The Rise of Mormonism: 1816–1844 Xulon Press .
• Matzko, John, (2007), The Encounter of the Young Joseph Smith with Presbyterianism off-site .
• Morgan, Dale, Walker, John Phillip (editor) (1986), Dale Morgan on Early Mormonism: Correspondence and a New History Signature Books off-site .
• (2008), Joseph Smith Jr.: reappraisals after two centuries Oxford University Press .
• Newell, Linda King, (1994), Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith University of Illinois Press .
• (1999), Mormon America: The Power and the Promise HarperSanFrancisco .
• Persuitte, David, (2000), Joseph Smith and the origins of the Book of Mormon McFarland & Co. .
• Phelps, W.W. (editor) (1833), A Book of Commandments, for the Government of the Church of Christ , Zion: William Wines Phelps & Co. off-site .
• Prince, Gregory A, (1995), Power From On High: The Development of Mormon Priesthood Signature Books .
• Quinn, D. Michael, (1994), The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power Signature Books .
• Quinn, D. Michael, (1998), Early Mormonism and the Magic World View Signature Books .
• Remini, , (2002), Joseph Smith: A Penguin Life Penguin Group .
• Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1902), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
• Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1904), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
• Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1905), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
• Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1909), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
• Shipps, Jan, (1985), Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition University of Illinois Press .
• Smith, George D., (1994), Nauvoo Roots of Mormon Polygamy, 1841–46: A Preliminary Demographic Report off-site .
• Smith, George D, (2008), Nauvoo Polygamy: "...but we called it celestial marriage" Signature Books .
• Smith, Joseph, Jr., (1830), The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi , Palmyra, New York: E. B. Grandin off-site . See Book of Mormon.
• Smith, Joseph, Jr., Jessee, Dean C (editor) (1832), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith , Salt Lake City: Deseret Book .
• Jessee, Dean C (editor) (1839–1843), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith Deseret Book .
• (1835), Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God , Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & Co off-site . See Doctrine and Covenants.
• Smith, Joseph, Jr., Church History [Wentworth Letter] off-site . See Wentworth letter.
• Smith, Lucy Mack, (1853), Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations , Liverpool: S.W. Richards off-site . See The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother
• Tucker, Pomeroy, (1867), Origin, Rise and Progress of Mormonism , New York: D. Appleton off-site .
• Turner, Orsamus, (1852), History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve , Rochester, New York: William Alling off-site .
• Joseph Smith: The Gift of Seeing off-site .
• Van Wagoner, Richard S., (1992), Mormon Polygamy: A History Signature Books .
• Vogel, Dan, (1994), The Locations of Joseph Smith's Early Treasure Quests off-site .
• Vogel, Dan, (2004), Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet Signature Books .
• Widmer, Kurt, (2000), Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915 McFarland .

Further reading

Mormonism and Wikipedia

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