Difference between revisions of "Response to Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith"

Latest revision as of 15:43, 13 April 2024

Works critical of the Church of Jesus Christ

Response to Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith

Prologue
Chapter 1
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Reviews of this work

Prologue

Response to claim: It is claimed that the Church purchased more than four hundred Hofmann forgeries and then "squirreled" them "away in a vault to keep them from the public eye"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

It is claimed that the Church purchased more than four hundred Hofmann forgeries and then "squirreled" them "away in a vault to keep them from the public eye."

FAIR's Response

Mind reading: author has no way of knowing this.
For a detailed response, see: Mark Hofmann and Church treatment of Hofmann forgeries

Notes

[Back to top]

Chapter 1

Response to claim: 3 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints "presents itself as the world's only true religion"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

It is claimed that the Church "presents itself as the world's only true religion."
Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Response to claim: 5 - Latter-day Saints consider themselves to be God's "favored children"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

The author claims that Latter-day Saints (sometimes called "Mormons") consider themselves to be God's "favored children." The book then quotes the phrase: "a peculiar treasure unto me above all people."
Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

The scripture that is quoted is Exodus 19꞉5:

Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine:

As noted in the chapter introduction from the LDS edition of the King James Bible: "The Lord covenants to make Israel a peculiar treasure, a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation." It is unclear why the author uses this scripture to support his claim that Latter-day Saints consider themselves to be God's "favored children."

Response to claim: 5 - Church leaders have "worked very hard to persuade both the modern church membership and the American public that polygamy was a quaint, long-abandoned idiosyncrasy"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's quote: Church leadership has worked very hard to persuade both the modern church membership and the American public that polygamy was a quaint, long-abandoned idiosyncrasy practiced by a mere handful of nineteenth-century Mormons.
Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

The following is from the introduction to the official Priesthood and Relief Society lesson manual for 2008-2009, Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Joseph Smith:

This book deals with teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith that have application to our day...This book also does not discuss plural marriage. The doctrines and principles relating to plural marriage were revealed to Joseph Smith as early as 1831. The Prophet taught the doctrine of plural marriage, and a number of such marriages were performed during his lifetime. Over the next several decades, under the direction of the Church Presidents who succeeded Joseph Smith, a significant number of Church members entered into plural marriages. In 1890, President Wilford Woodruff issued the Manifesto, which discontinued plural marriage in the Church (see Official Declaration 1). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints no longer practices plural marriage. (emphasis added)

Response to claim: 5 - Religious literature does not mention Joseph Smith's marriage to "at least thirty-three women, and probably as many as forty-eight"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Religious literature does not mention Joseph's marriage to "at least thirty-three women, and probably as many as forty-eight."
Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

The details of Joseph's polygamy are not generally taught in LDS Sunday School classes, but some "religious literature" does mention Joseph's plural marriages.^[1]

Joseph Smith and polygamy

Response to claim: 5-6 - Joseph Smith's youngest wife was "just fourteen years old when Joseph explained to her that God had commanded that she marry him or face eternal damnation"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

The author claims that LDS literature does not mention that Joseph's youngest wife was "just fourteen years old when Joseph explained to her that God had commanded that she marry him or face eternal damnation."
Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Helen Mar Kimball's story is here told only with reference to a second-hand, dubious, hostile anti-Mormon version instead of Helen's numerous first-hand accounts.

Response to claim: 6 - Joseph Smith is claimed to have taught that "a man needed at least three wives to attain the 'fullness of exaltation' in the afterlife"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Joseph Smith is claimed to have taught that "a man needed at least three wives to attain the 'fullness of exaltation' in the afterlife." The author provides the following quote to support this claim:

"all those who have this law revealed unto them must obey the same...and if ye abide not that covenant, then are yet damned; for no one can reject this covenant and be permitted to enter into my glory."

Author's sources:

D&C 132

FAIR's Response

The full quote from D&C 132꞉3-4:

3 Therefore, prepare thy heart to receive and obey the instructions which I am about to give unto you; for all those who have this law revealed unto them must obey the same. 4 For behold, I reveal unto you a new and an everlasting covenant; and if ye abide not that covenant, then are ye damned; for no one can reject this covenant and be permitted to enter into my glory.

Response to claim: 6n - "Mormons esteem three books of scripture above all others"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's quote: Latter-day Saints esteem three books of scripture above all others
Author's sources: #Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )
D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )}

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Members of the Church use four books of scripture: the Holy Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price.This type of error demonstrates how poor Krakauer's grounding in LDS thought and history is.

Response to claim: 7 - Polygamy continued to be practiced after the Manifesto was issued

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Polygamy continued to be practiced after the Manifesto was issued.
Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is based upon correct information - The author is providing knowledge concerning some particular fact, subject, or event

REDIRECT Plural marriage practiced after the First Manifesto

Notes

↑ For example, the practice of plural marriage is detailed in canonized scripture (D&C 132) which every member is encouraged to study. The study manual for Sunday School lessons based on this scripture reads, in part, "The Prophet Joseph Smith and those closest to him, including Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, were challenged by this command, but they obeyed it." [Lesson 31: “Sealed … for Time and for All Eternity”, Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Gospel Doctrine Teacher’s Manual, 176 (emphasis added). off-site] CES manuals for college/university students also discuss Joseph and plural marriage; see, for example, "Chapter 20: Doctrinal Developments at Nauvoo," Church History in the Fulness of Times Institute Student Manual: Religion 341 through 343, 2nd edition, (Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 1989-2003).(off-site.

[Back to top]

Chapter 4

Response to claim: 45: Latter-day Saints are raised to "obey figures of Mormon authority unquestioningly"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

The author claims that Latter-day Saints are raised to "obey figures of Mormon authority unquestioningly, and to believe that LDS doctrine is the law of God."

FAIR's Response

Obey Brigham unquestioningly?

Compare with similar treatment in Will Bagley, Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows (University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), 9.

The Church of Jesus Christ and independent thought

Summary: It is claimed that the Church teaches that we should not exercise independent thought. "When our leaders speak, the thinking has been done."

Jump to Subtopic:

Response to claim: 45 - A fourteen-year-old Latter-day Saint girl was forced to wear robes by her kidnapper that "resembled the sacred robes she had donned with her family when they entered the Mormon temple"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

The author claims that a fourteen-year-old Latter-day Saint girl was forced to wear robes by her kidnapper that "resembled the sacred robes she had donned with her family when they entered the Mormon temple."

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

A fourteen-year-old LDS girl's experience with the temple would have only involved performing baptisms for the dead, and would not have required the wearing of any "sacred robes."

Response to claim: 45 - The "words of Joseph Smith" are taught as having been "handed down by God Himself"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

The author claims that the "words of Joseph Smith" are taught as having been "handed down by God Himself."

FAIR's Response

That depends upon which of Joseph's words are being referred to.

Notes

[Back to top]

Chapter 6

Response to claim: 69 - The author claims that Native Americans are, according to the Book of Mormon, descended from the lost tribes of Israel

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Native Americans are, according to the Book of Mormon, descended from the lost tribes of Israel.

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Book of Mormon peoples are distinct from the lost ten tribes (2 Nephi 29꞉13, 3 Nephi 17꞉4). The author again betrays his superficial grasp of LDS thought and theology.

Notes

Chapter 17

Response to claim: 194 - The author claims that there is evidence which suggest that Samuel H. Smith was poisoned by Hosea Stout

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's quote: ...[there is] compelling circumstantial evidence [which] suggests that [Samuel H. Smith] succumbed from poison administered by Hosea Stout....
Author's sources:

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power (Signature Books, 1994), {{{pages}}}. ^[ATTENTION!]

FAIR's Response

For a detailed response, see: Murder of Samuel H. Smith?

Notes

[Back to top]

Chapter 18

Response to claim: 221 - The author claims that William Aden was killed on 10 September 1857 in relation to the Mountain Meadows Massacre

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

William Aden was killed on 10 September 1857.

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Aden was killed 2-3 days before the massacre.^[1]

Response to claim: 221n - The author claims that Brigham Young's letter instructing the Latter-day Saints to leave the immigrants alone didn't appear until decades later and that there is question about its provenance and authenticity

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Brigham Young's letter instructing the Latter-day Saints to leave the immigrants alone didn't appear until decades later; there is question about its provenance and authenticity.

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

For a detailed response, see: Brigham's letter mysteriously "lost"?

Notes

↑ Craig L. Foster, "Doing Violence to Journalistic Integrity (Review of: "Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of a Violent Faith by Jon Krakauer)," FARMS Review 16/1 (2004): 149–174. off-site

[Back to top]

Reviews of this work

"The Justin Wise Dialogues" by Ron Hellings

Summary: Ron Hellings provides an imagined dialogue which highlights some of the many problems with this anti-Mormon work.

Craig L. Foster, "Doing Violence to Journalistic Integrity"

Craig L. Foster, The FARMS Review, (2004)

The noted author Paul Fussell once commented, "If I didn't have writing, I'd be running down the street hurling grenades in people's faces."1 Perhaps the same could be said about Jon Krakauer. Both he and his works are complex, introspective, and, without doubt, "in your face" and controversial. Krakauer is fascinated by people who are on the edge physically and emotionally, those who push the limits to the extreme. His writing reflects this fascination as he tries to define for his reading audience what it is like to go to extremes. Krakauer has succeeded where many others have failed because he is, without argument, a gifted writer. His text flows seamlessly, creating a literary picture that touches a reader to the very core.

Krakauer has used his writing talents to look at the fringes of the Latter-day Saint community in his book Under the Banner of Heaven, in which he examines the double murders committed in 1984 by the ex-Mormon brothers Ron and Dan Lafferty and explores the fundamentalist communities of Colorado City-Hildale on the Utah-Arizona border and Bountiful in British Columbia.2 His accounts of murder and seduction are mixed with events and teachings in Latter-day Saint history in an attempt to portray these fringe elements as murderous and libidinous offspring of a religion steeped in its own history of violence and quirkiness.

Click here to view the complete article

Paul McNabb, editor's introduction to Richard E. Turley, "Faulty History: A Review of Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith"

Paul McNabb, editor's introduction to Richard E. Turley, FAIR Papers

In July 2003, popular author Jon Krakauer released a book arguing that religious faith in general, and the faith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in particular, often motivates violence in its believers. Since its organization in 1830, The Church of Jesus Christ has been the subject of many lurid and sensational publications, each purporting to reveal the true and sordid fact of the lives of Latter-day Saint leaders and members. Despite the claims of objectivity and historical accuracy, such publications consistently display the same pattern: an agenda-driven effort selectively drawing on rumor and half-truths, clothed in the trappings of historical scholarship.

Unfortunately for those wanting to know more about Latter-day Saint history or the possible relationship between religious belief and violence, Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith suffers from these same fatal flaws.

Click here to view the complete article

Allen Wyatt, ""The Krakauer Journal""

Allen Wyatt, FAIR Papers

I read Under the Banner of Heaven in July 2003, shortly after it first came out. In the course of my reading, I kept notes on assertions made by the author and my reactions to those assertions. This article is a recounting of my notes. Taken in total, they can serve as a snapshot of one person’s view of the book.

Those familiar with LDS history will recognize the outrageousness of many of the assertions, and the biased language used by the author to frame religious belief–particularly the religious belief practiced by faithful LDS–in an egregiously unflattering manner.

The FAIR Blog responds to these questions

Stephen Smoot,"Learning About the Founding of Mormonism from Jon Krakauer (And Other Fallacies)", FAIR Blog, (July 30, 2012)

Jon Krakauer has penned a popular, yet highly questionable book on Mormonism. The punchline to Krakauer’s book is something along the lines of: “Mormonism, an inherently violent faith, is a shining example of how religious fundamentalism is dangerous, and will lead to killing people.”

There are so many problems with Krakauer’s book that to enumerate them here would take some considerable time.

Click here to view the complete article

[1] For example, the practice of plural marriage is detailed in canonized scripture (D&C 132) which every member is encouraged to study. The study manual for Sunday School lessons based on this scripture reads, in part, "The Prophet Joseph Smith and those closest to him, including Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, were challenged by this command, but they obeyed it." [Lesson 31: “Sealed … for Time and for All Eternity”, Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Gospel Doctrine Teacher’s Manual, 176 (emphasis added). off-site] CES manuals for college/university students also discuss Joseph and plural marriage; see, for example, "Chapter 20: Doctrinal Developments at Nauvoo," Church History in the Fulness of Times Institute Student Manual: Religion 341 through 343, 2nd edition, (Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 1989-2003).(off-site.

[2] Craig L. Foster, "Doing Violence to Journalistic Integrity (Review of: "Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of a Violent Faith by Jon Krakauer)," FARMS Review 16/1 (2004): 149–174. off-site

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Difference between revisions of "Response to Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith"

Latest revision as of 15:43, 13 April 2024

Response to Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith

Prologue

Response to claim: It is claimed that the Church purchased more than four hundred Hofmann forgeries and then "squirreled" them "away in a vault to keep them from the public eye"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

FAIR's Response

Chapter 1

Response to claim: 3 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints "presents itself as the world's only true religion"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims ) D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Response to claim: 5 - Latter-day Saints consider themselves to be God's "favored children"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims ) D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Response to claim: 5 - Church leaders have "worked very hard to persuade both the modern church membership and the American public that polygamy was a quaint, long-abandoned idiosyncrasy"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims ) D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Response to claim: 5 - Religious literature does not mention Joseph Smith's marriage to "at least thirty-three women, and probably as many as forty-eight"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims ) D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Response to claim: 5-6 - Joseph Smith's youngest wife was "just fourteen years old when Joseph explained to her that God had commanded that she marry him or face eternal damnation"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims ) D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Response to claim: 6 - Joseph Smith is claimed to have taught that "a man needed at least three wives to attain the 'fullness of exaltation' in the afterlife"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: D&C 132

FAIR's Response

Response to claim: 6n - "Mormons esteem three books of scripture above all others"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: #Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims ) D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )}

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Response to claim: 7 - Polygamy continued to be practiced after the Manifesto was issued

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims ) D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is based upon correct information - The author is providing knowledge concerning some particular fact, subject, or event

Chapter 4

Response to claim: 45: Latter-day Saints are raised to "obey figures of Mormon authority unquestioningly"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

FAIR's Response

Jump to Subtopic:

Response to claim: 45 - A fourteen-year-old Latter-day Saint girl was forced to wear robes by her kidnapper that "resembled the sacred robes she had donned with her family when they entered the Mormon temple"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Response to claim: 45 - The "words of Joseph Smith" are taught as having been "handed down by God Himself"

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

FAIR's Response

Chapter 6

Response to claim: 69 - The author claims that Native Americans are, according to the Book of Mormon, descended from the lost tribes of Israel

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Chapter 17

Response to claim: 194 - The author claims that there is evidence which suggest that Samuel H. Smith was poisoned by Hosea Stout

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

Author's sources: D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power (Signature Books, 1994), {{{pages}}}. [ATTENTION!]

FAIR's Response

Chapter 18

Response to claim: 221 - The author claims that William Aden was killed on 10 September 1857 in relation to the Mountain Meadows Massacre

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Response to claim: 221n - The author claims that Brigham Young's letter instructing the Latter-day Saints to leave the immigrants alone didn't appear until decades later and that there is question about its provenance and authenticity

The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim:

FAIR's Response

Fact checking results: This claim is false

Reviews of this work

The FAIR Blog responds to these questions

Stephen Smoot,"Learning About the Founding of Mormonism from Jon Krakauer (And Other Fallacies)", FAIR Blog, (July 30, 2012)

Footer

Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

Author's sources:

D&C 132

Author's sources: #Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )
D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )}

Author's sources:

Richard N. and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, (New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 2000), . ( Index of claims )

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Signature Books, 1997), ( Index of claims )

Author's sources:

D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power (Signature Books, 1994), {{{pages}}}. ^[ATTENTION!]