Mostrar código-fonte de Pergunta: O Livro de Mórmon se encaixam melhor em uma geografia localizados ao redor dos Grandes Lagos, entre os Estados Unidos e no Canadá?

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=Question: Does the Book of Mormon fit best in a geography located around the Great Lakes, between the United States and Canada?==
===Unfortunately, the geographical details of the Book of Mormon do not fit terribly well in models presented thus far===

This model is proposed by several different works.  These include:

* Duane R. Aston, ''Return to Cumorah: Piecing Together the Puzzle Where the Nephites Lived'' (American River Publications, 2003). ISBN 0965516709.
* Delbert W. Curtis, ''Christ in North America: Christ Visited the Nephites in the Land of Promise in North America'' (Tigard, OR: Resource Communications, Inc., 1993). ISBN 1883266246.
* Edwin G. Goble and Wayne N. May, ''[[Specific works/This Land series|This Land: Zarahemla and the Nephite Nation]]'' (Colfax, WI: Ancient American Archaeology, 2002).
* Paul Hedengren, ''The Land of Lehi: Further Evidence for the Book of Mormon'' (Provo, Utah: Bradford & Wilson, 1995).
** [2nd edition by (Tepran, 1999). ISBN 0915073072.
* Wayne N. May, ''[[Specific works/This Land series|This Land: Only One Cumorah!]]'' (Colfax, WI: Ancient American Archaeology, 2004).
* Wayne N. May, ''[[Specific works/This Land series|This Land: They Came from the East]]'' (Colfax, WI: Ancient American Archaeology, 2005).
* {{Presentation:Meldrum:DNA Evidence for Book of Mormon}}
*{{CriticalWork:Porter Meldrum:Prophecies and Promises|pages=multiple}}
* {{CriticalWork:Meldrum:Recovering the Remnant|pages=multiple}}
* Phyllis Carol Olive, ''The Lost Lands of the Book of Mormon'' (Bonneville Books, 2003). ISBN 1555175104.

''An additional argument for a Great Lakes setting is made based on DNA evidence:
{{SeeAlso|Book_of_Mormon/DNA_evidence/Geography_issues/Haplogroup_X2a|l1=Haplotype X2a|l2=FAIR's reviews of Rod Meldrum's DVD, ''DNA Evidence for Book of Mormon Geography|Book_of_Mormon_geography/Models/Limited/Meldrum_2003}}

Unfortunately, the geographical details do not fit terribly well in models presented thus far.  

===John Clark: "None of the geographies deals convincingly with the spatial details of features and cities in the Book of Mormon"

John Clark said of these efforts:

<blockquote>
Of all LGL proposals I have seen, Aston's ''Return to Cumorah'' makes the strongest case for a credible geography. For those seriously interested in an LGL geography, this is the book I recommend. It is succinct and deals with a variety of evidence. His analysis is interesting because he once held the view that Book of Mormon lands were located in Mexico and Central America but has since become persuaded that a much stronger case can be made for western New York and Pennsylvania and Ontario, Canada. In particular, he rejects the so-called "two-Cumorah theory." I do not accept Aston's arguments, but I consider them the best of the current proposals that are trying to reclaim New York as ancient Nephite and Lamanite territory...

As with all LGL proposals, Aston is forced to improvise in identifying the named seas of Book of Mormon lands. The northern portion of Lake Erie is the west sea, and the western portion of Lake Ontario is the sea west, while the eastern part of this same lake is the sea east. Lake Cayuga of the Finger Lakes is the east sea. The sea south is the southern portion of Lake Erie. For the greater land northward, Lake Huron serves as the sea west with its northernmost extremity (Georgian Bay) serving as the sea north. A critical point in this confusing cascade of "seas" is one's point of reference, whether it be in the land northward or southward. Perspective and point of reference are important issues, but it looks very much like special pleading to have different names for the same bodies of water and the same names for different bodies of water. This undercuts the utility of naming things and referring to them in normal speech.

It is a frequent practice in Book of Mormon geographies, when confronted with an uncooperative claim from the text about the locations of things vis-à�-vis one's proposed geography, to postulate the existence of two different places with the same name. Given Aston's goal of resolving the problem of two Cumorahs, it is ironic that he must have two lands northward and duplicate seas to pull it off. To me, duplication of place names is a sure sign of trouble with a geography and of overly complex assumptions about how to read the text. Aston's correlation is implausible. The reason both Curtis and Aston need two lands northward is the awkward fact that the proposed hill Cumorah is east of the Niagara neck, their proposed narrow neck of land. In simplistic internal geographies that read the Book of Mormon as implying a narrow neck of land connecting the lands northward and southward, the existence of the hill Cumorah south or southeast of the narrow neck places it in the land southward. Unfortunately for these correlations, the Book of Mormon clearly places this hill in the land northward. The hill Cumorah is a later name for the Jaredite hill Ramah, and the Jaredites inhabited only the land northward. We are thus required to place Cumorah in the land northward. Failure to do so is sufficient to dismiss all correlations that identify the Niagara neck as the narrow neck of land mentioned in the Book of Mormon. Having a land northward for the Jaredites and later Nephites that is different from that for the early Nephites is overly complicated and unconvincing...

To summarize my assessment: None of the geographies deals convincingly with the spatial details of features and cities in the Book of Mormon. The proposed geographies distort the text and are unconvincing. Consequently, I reject each proposal purely on its handling of the internal details of the Book of Mormon. I also reject each proposal on methodological grounds.<ref name="clark">{{FR-14-1-3}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Clark also points out some difficulties with the archaeological arguments adduced for this model:

<blockquote>
Numerous problems are inherent in Aston's argument, but I will address only the most serious. Why did the destruction of sites affect only those of the Nephite era? Urban sprawl is no respecter of archaeological sites and cannot edit the archaeological record in this manner. Ritchie provides a complete archaeological sequence for New York, with nothing missing. He relies on acceptable techniques of dating materials through radiocarbon and through changes in artifact styles. The so-called gap suggested by Aston does not exist. Ritchie's account is thought to be problematic and misleading only because the Nephite-equivalent period in New York is one of relatively low population, and Aston believes these to be Book of Mormon lands. In short, the fault is not inherent in the archaeological report but in the assumptions dictating the reading of it. As shown below, subsequent research in New York is substantiating the historic patterns described by Ritchie. When a detailed archaeological record fails to validate one's hypothesis, this should provoke reexamination of the hypothesis rather than rejection of the record of archaeological findings.

The issue of site destruction is at the center of all LGL claims. I address it from the perspective of an archaeologist with three decades of field experience. Archaeologists are rather hasty with claims of "destruction." But we do not use this term with the same meaning that it is being given in LGL arguments. For archaeologists, the ideal site is "pristine," meaning that it remains "undisturbed" by various natural agents (tree falls, rodents, hurricanes, earthworms, forest fires, etc.) or cultural forces (such as farming, looting, mining, and urban sprawl) until we get a chance to take it apart carefully, layer by layer. If archaeological sites were eggs, we would prefer them boiled rather than scrambled. For most archaeologists, scrambled sites lose most of their interpretive value, as Aston points out. When a site is plowed, looted by clandestine diggers or "avocational" archaeologists, or cut through by sewer lines or road right-of-ways, the pristine "order" of artifacts and features such as floors, fire hearths, and post molds is destroyed and scrambled. What is lost in pristine context, however, is partly compensated for by the increased visibility of the site. This is the critical point. LGL advocates use the term destroyed to mean "wiped off the face of the earth, obliterated, expunged, or erased." Archaeologists use destroyed to mean "altered, transformed, messed up, or scrambled." Even after enormous damage, these sites still exist, and their artifacts still exist, albeit in smaller pieces; however, the spatial relationships which once obtained among the various artifacts and features are obliterated.

The thrust of Aston's argument is that destruction has removed all traces of the sites in question, and this is the reason, according to his speculation, that they are not represented in Ritchie's master work. But the opposite is true; sites that are destroyed have increased visibility, are easier to find, and are generally overrepresented in synthetic works. LGL arguments are 180 degrees off the mark.<ref name="clark"></ref>
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[[en:Question: Does the Book of Mormon fit best in a geography located around the Great Lakes, between the United States and Canada?]]