Mostrar código-fonte de Pergunta: Que exemplos existem da escrita em ouro ou outras placas de metal de todo o mundo antigo?

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==Question: What examples exist of writing on gold or other metal plates from around the ancient world?==
Majority of references in this section courtesy of researcher Ted Jones.
===Burma===
* gold plate in Burma, 6th century AD<ref> Sircar, ''Select Inscriptions'', 493-5; cf. ''Epigraphica Indica'' 5: 101</ref>

===China===

* King of Wu found a writing on golden tablets but could not read it.  He sent it to Confucius.  It was a text of Ling Pao, given by Celestial Officials to the early sage. It dealt with the method of obtaining a long life.<ref>''JAOS'' 106 (1986): 72 ff.</ref>
* An example from China circa 300 BC:

:"How do we know that the former sage Six Kings personally practiced it [the Tao]?  Master Mo-Tzu says: It is not that I was alive in their time and personally heard their voices, saw their faces; I know it by what they wrote on bamboo and silk, inscribed on metal and stone, carved on vessels, to pass down to their descendants of future generations." <ref>A. C. Graham, ''Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China'' (Open Court (1989): 52. Also available in ''Sources of Chinese Tradition'', compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Wing-tsit Chan, Burton Watson (Columbia University Press 1960): 45.</ref>

===India===

There are many examples from India:

* President Anthony W. Ivins said:
: A few days ago I received a letter from Dr. John A. Widtsoe who at present presides over the European mission. Among other things he says:

:"Last fall as I was leaving London I spent an hour in the British museum almost at random. I entered the large room devoted to oriental manuscripts. I noticed at once in the first case to the right a series of very fine silver plates, perhaps three inches wide and eight inches long, held together by a silver ring. The plates were beautifully engraved with characters which the legend said gave Buddha's first sermon. In the next case was a sheet of extremely thin gold likewise engraved on both sides, which according to the legend was a letter from one ruler to another."<ref>{{CR|author=Anthony W. Ivins|date=April 1929|pages=14}}</ref>

* "Copper and gold plates were early and often used" in India.<ref>Thomas W. Rhys Davids, ''Buddhist India'', 123-4</ref>
* Multiple references to copper plates contained in ''Indian Historical Quarterly''<ref> Vol. 2 (1926):  77, 313; Vol. 3 (1927): 89; Vol. 4 (128):  31, 637, 425,  203; Vol. 6 (1930): 45, 60; Vol. 8 (1932): 305; Vol. 9 (1933) : 282, 943; Vol. 10 (1934):  54, 100,  473; Vol. 11(1935): 300, 611; passim. cf. ''Epigraphica Indica'', passim. </ref>
* Taxila silver plate inscription; found in chapel near a stupa  (ca  50 AD); one foot below floor, steatite vessel with silver vase inside; with silver scroll in vase and gold casket with relics in vase; heavy stone placed over deposit.<ref>Sten Konow, "Taxila Inscription of the year 136," in ''Epigraphica Indica''  xiv (1917-8): 284-295</ref>
* Taxila gold plate inscription: 'Do not fear....The mind (cittam) that is for a long time saturated/invigorated/enlivened by faith (saddhaparibhavitam), by morality, learning, renunciation and wisdom (sila, suta, caga, panna), goes upwards, goes to distinction (uddhagami, visesagami)'<ref> ''Sutta Nikaya'' 5.369-70; cf. Louis de laValle Poussin, ''L'Abhidharmakosa'' 1.971; II  95, note 1 cf. Franklin Edgerton, "The Hour of Death," ''Annals of the Bandarkar Oriental Research Institute'' 8 (1927): 225,  227;  referred to in Gregory Schopen, "On the Buddha and his Bones," ''JAOS'' 108 (1988): 532; cf. Richard Salomen, "The Inscription of Senavarma, King of Odi," ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 29 (1986): 261-93; cf. ''JRAS''  1980.</ref>
* single gold leaf from Taxila, 14 lines of 100-132 aksaras [letters] each 'which seems improbable'; dated to first half of first century AD.  'The most serious problems in reading arise not from the scribe's mistakes, but from the damage done to the gold leaf where it was folded.'<ref>BEFEO 1982.</ref>
* "Buddhist tradition records that the Canon was inscribed on sheets of gold in Ceylon in 88 BC....None of these has survived."<ref>Jeremiah P. Losty, ''The Art of the Book in India'' (1982): 9-10.</ref>
* Losty describes and shows a photo of a treaty between Zamorins of Calicut and the Dutch East India Company of 1691, on a gold strip 2.03m long. <ref>Losty, ''Art of the Book in India'', 10.</ref>
* "A treaty between the King of Ava and the Portuguese was written on a leaf or plate of gold enclosed in an ivory box."<ref>A. C. Burnell, ''Elements of South Indian Paleography'', 93, note 1.</ref>
* The largest copper plate so far found is 55 plates weighing 216 pounds, over 2500 lines, dated AD 1024 (copper plates are very common in India).<ref>Losty, ''The Art of the Book in India'', 10.</ref>
* The Buddha's teachings were inscribed on gold plates.<ref>CAF Rhys Davids, ''Psalms of the Brethren'', 90 ff., and note 1</ref>
* Prajnaparamita sutra (Buddhist Mahayana text) written on gold plates and placed in a box in a stupa (large burial mounds).<ref>Edward Conze, translator, ''The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand lines and its verse Summary'' (Calif. 1973), 288.</ref>
* woman writes letter to her lover on gold plates (pattrikamalikhya)<ref>Dandin, ''Dasakumaracaritam'', 35.</ref>
* says this term can refer to gold plate says this term can refer to gold plate inscribed with invitations to his annaprasana ceremony (first feeding of a newborn) by Gangagovinda Simha, for his grandson,  ca. 1800 AD.<ref>Monier Williams, ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'' 581b; cited in ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 8 (1966): 243 </ref>
* Buddhist monk Bimbisara sent king Tissa the paticcasamuppada text on a gold plate.  Tissa renounced his kingdom and went to the Buddha.<ref>Thag 97; ThagA 1.199.</ref>
*8 questions written during Kassapa Buddha's time; to see if Gotama (the historical Buddha) would give the same answers.<ref>SnA 1.228, on ''Alavaka Sutta''</ref>
* King writes dhamma (Buddhist doctrines) for a friend, as a gift.  Enclosed in many caskets.<ref>SnA 2.575 ff., on ''Katthavahana''.  </ref>
* Bimbisara sent Pukkhasati a gold plate inscribed with the Satipatthana,  the 8 fold path, 37 factors of enlightenment, the importance of taking faith in the Buddha, the dharma and the sangha (community).  Pukkhasati was converted.<ref>MA 2.979 ff.</ref>
* A translation of the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (S  5.420) 'foundation of the kingdom of Righteousness' on a silver plate.<ref>TW Rhys Davids, ''Buddhist Suttas'' (Harvard Oriental Series): 139.</ref>
* "A book of 24 thick golden leaves bound together by a copper wire was found from the Dhamdoha tank and melted down.'<ref>NK  Bhattasali, ''Iconography of Buddhist and Brahmanical Sculptures in the Dacca Museum, Dacca'' (1929): x.</ref>
* "The Buddhists mention here and there the writing, not only of documents, but also of verses and maxims, on gold plates.   A gold plate with a votive inscription has also been preserved to us."<ref>Morice Winternitz, ''History of Indian Literature'' I (1962): 33.</ref>
* The king of Ceylon in the tenth century AD had the Dhammasamgani engraved, and taken to vihara (temple) where he worshiped it.<ref>Winternitz, ''History of Indian Literature'' II: 167, quoted in CAF Rhys Davids, ''Buddhist Manual of Psychology and Ethics'': xxv.</ref>
* found under floor of temple; 'in pure massive gold'  (298); with burnt bones of a human being; Pali text (early Buddhist), but in modern characters  (308); 'gold leaf scroll;'  'golden scroll' (299);  'inscription on the gold band' (302); offerings made to aid release and attainment of nibbana (nirvana); places trust 'in the excellent god' (i.e. Buddha); 'May my wife be together with me after I become a Buddha.' (303)<ref>Colonel Sykes, "Account of some Golden Relics discovered at Rangoon....," ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' 17 (1860): 298-308</ref>
* Jambuka inscribed the Buddhist dharma on a gold plate.<ref>''Tesakuma Jataka'' (#521) (5.109-25; cf. 1.177; 6.94)</ref>
* Chinese Buddhist monk Hieun Tsiang (600AD) says King Kaniska (100AD) caused sacred scriptures to be engraved on sheets of copper, and enclosed in a stone box in a stupa.<ref>George Buhler, ''Indian Paleography'': 115; also in Edward Thomas, ''The History of Buddhist Thought'': 175; and in TW Rhys Davids,  ''Buddhism''  (1887): 239;  such was found in a stupa erected at site of the Buddha's death,  in ''George Malalasekhera, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names'' 1: 655 (from ''CAGI'' 1.714)</ref>
* Buddhist jataka tales (of the Buddha's previous lives) refer to inscriptions of important family records of wealthy merchants, royal edicts, poetic verses and moral maxims, on gold plates (suvannapatta: Jat 4.7; SnA 228, 578; DhA 4.89).<ref>''Ruru jataka; Kurudhamma jataka; Tesakumjataka''; in Pandey, ''Indian Paleography'': 78</ref>
* Buddhist monk Buddhaghosa of Sri Lanka (Ceylon: 5th century AD translator) gives a description of a stupa built by and during reign of King Ajatasatru (contemporary of the historical Buddha; 500 BC) for hoarding relics.  Included was a 'prophecy inscribed on a gold plate to the effect that King Asoka (250 BC) would in time to come spread these relics far and wide.'<ref>Sumangala Vilasini, in B.M. Barua, "Stupa and Tomb," in ''Indian Historical Quarterly'' 2 (1926): 26.</ref>
Laws of Manu, states that land grants were to be written on copper plates.<ref>Recent translation is by Wendy Doniger (O’Flaherty) in Penguin Classics</ref>
* A Copper-plate Hoard of the Gupta Period form Bagh. 27 copper plates found July 1982, “in huge copper container covered with a copper lid” “neatly arranged copper sheets”, covering an 87 year span, and five rulers (ix-v) Plate # 8, year 55, refers to forgery of previous grant and editors suggest the hoard may have been hidden together to prevent future forgeries (xviii) “Having heard of the forged grant deed, this charter was produced in sequel and got written.  [The King’s] own order” (19, line 9) This grant is to last “permanently, until moon, sun and stars last” Also hereditary from son to grandson and so on Plate 1: Bhulunda grant year 47 King Bhulunda has great compassion towards all living beings; great love, devotion and attachment to Visnu, Lord of suras and asuras ; Visnus arrows spill blood of enemies of the gods; broke the pride of Bali, Namauci, Ravana et al; and the boar avatara…. Plate 11 Bhulunda, year 57 Village given to [authorities of the four vedas] of various families and clans; and are performing voews, austerities, studying…Appendix Plate 1, Bhulunda year 38 “… the order was recounted at the request of the assembly of the brahmanas, on our own verbal direction was put down on the copper plate” (61-2)Plate 25, year 127 Grant is given “for the growth of my merit”, 54, line 4 “The original writing in ink must have contained the usual word samanumantavyam [instead of satamuvanu].  Parts of the writing must have got inadvertently erased and the engraver must have engraved upon the preserved portions of the letters leading to the present reading.” (13, note 1).<ref>''Madhya Pradesh'', ed. K. V. Ramesh and S. P. Tewari (Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India, 1990).</ref>

===Persia===
* gold tablet of Darius<ref>D.C.  Sircar, ''Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization'',  Vol. I (1965), 8; cf. ''JAOS'' 51: 229-30; JRAS (1926): 433-6; S. Sen, ''Old Persian Inscriptions'', 114.</ref>
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[[en:Question: What examples exist of writing on gold or other metal plates from around the ancient world?]]