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{{:Pregunta: Cuando Joseph Smith realizó el matrimonio de Newel Knight y Lydia Bailey, ¿eran culpables de bigamia desde que Lydia no había sido formalmente divorciada de su marido anterior?}}
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Se afirma que el matrimonio plural principios de Joseph Smith (s) no puede haber sido matrimonios "reales", ya que la doctrina del "matrimonio eterno" (es decir, los matrimonios que duran más allá de la tumba) no fue introducido hasta 1841.
 
 
 
 
 
Joseph no violó a sabiendas las leyes de matrimonio en Ohio, y parece que ha usado sus dones proféticos para evitar a las víctimas de la inmadurez sufrimiento innecesario legal y burocrático del siglo XIX. Los poderes seculares honrados matrimonios de José, y proporcionado documentación a ratificar sus actos. Como sucede tan a menudo, los críticos condenan José Smith y los primeros santos sin proporcionar el contexto adecuado para sus opciones legales o acciones morales. Al considerar la aplicación más amplia del matrimonio plural en Nauvoo, tal contexto será cada vez más importante.
 
 
 
 
 
El matrimonio plural eventualmente involucrar una compleja colisión de las creencias religiosas, la ley secular, y la conciencia personal. Muchos historiadores han supuesto que José Smith siempre ha tenido una actitud arrogante hacia las leyes civiles que entraban en conflicto con sus conceptos maritales. Incluso antes de la implantación generalizada del matrimonio plural, los críticos señalan a los matrimonios realizados por José en Ohio, como evidencia de que él violaría fácilmente leyes seculares.
 
 
 
Como John Brooke puso:  
 
 
 
: Específicamente prohíbe la realización de la ceremonia de matrimonio por el tribunal del condado local, Smith dejó de lado un anciano de la iglesia con licencia del estado para llevar a cabo los ritos del matrimonio entre Newel [Caballero] y Lydia [Bailey] a sí mismo. Ella no estaba divorciado de su marido no mormón, por lo que este matrimonio bígamo técnicamente también desafió a un código moral más amplio ... Durante los próximos dos meses Joseph Smith realizó cinco matrimonios más ilegales.{{ref|fn1}}
 
 
 
Brooke afirma Joseph estaba prohibido celebrar matrimonios, que llevó a cabo un matrimonio bígamo, y que en varias ocasiones desobedeció las leyes de matrimonio del estado.
 
 
 
Michael Quinn hace el mismo tipo de reclamación cuando opina que
 
 
 
: en noviembre 1835 [José] anunció una doctrina que yo llamo Él utilizó esta teología de justificar su violación de las leyes sobre el matrimonio de Ohio mediante la realización de un matrimonio para Newel Knight y la no divorciados Lydia Goldthwaite sin autoridad legal para hacerlo ... la ética teocráticos "ética teocráticos." justificados líderes SUD y (por extensión) mormones regulares en las acciones que son contrarias a la ética convencionales ya veces en violación de las leyes penales.{{ref|fn2}}
 
 
 
Introducción de Quinn de la expresión "ética teocráticos" es un excelente ejemplo de su lamentable tendencia a acuñar una expresión y, a continuación, proceder como si el acto de definición demuestra que el fenómeno que ha marcado realmente existe {{ref | fn3}}. En otro contexto, un revisor no LDS de Quinn lamentó este uso de "categorías más artificiales que adquieren un aura de respetabilidad académica a través de la magia de 'Quinnspeak.'"{{ref|fn4}}
 
 
 
El vocabulario de Quinn implica que José estaba usando otro tipo de norma ética como la mayoría de la gente-y, el término "teocrática" se carga, ya que generalmente tiene connotaciones negativas. Quinn también hace que la conclusión completamente injustificada "por extensión" que las actuaciones irregulares supuestos de José hicieron que un "mormón normal" estaría igualmente justificado siguiendo un esquema ético novela.
 
 
 
A pesar de tales afirmaciones confiadas, el récord histórico en cuanto a los matrimonios de Ohio no está de acuerdo con este retrato en casi todos sus detalles.{{ref|fn5}}   Newel Knight, un joven viudo, deseaba casarse con Lydia Bailey. Lydia estaba casada con un alcohólico abusivo, que había abandonado sus años antes. Sidney Rigdon se le había denegado una licencia para casarse como ministro mormón, y muchos concluyeron que los ancianos mormones no recibirían sanción estatal para celebrar matrimonios.
 
 
 
Debido a Seymour Brunson había sido predicador antes de ser mormón, ocupó una licencia para celebrar matrimonios. Brunson fue así a punto de realizar la boda Knight-Bailey. En lo que Van Wagoner llama "una pantalla en negrilla de la desobediencia civil"{{ref|fn6}}  Joseph Smith se adelantó y anunció que iba a realizar el matrimonio.
 
 
 
==Ilegal para los mormones para celebrar matrimonios?==
 
 
 
En la superficie, parece que los críticos están justificados en el argumento de que José no tenía derecho a celebrar matrimonios, y deciden hacerlo de todos modos. Investigación de Scott Bradshaw, sin embargo, encontró que denegar la autorización Rigdon para casarse "no era justificable desde un punto de vista jurídico." Tal decisión legal en Ohio "era rara en la década de 1830, tal vez incluso algo inaudito."{{ref|fn7}}  La negativa del tribunal que le conceda Rigdon una licencia para casarse como ministro Mormón probablemente provenía de los prejuicios religiosos.
 
 
 
La boda Knight-Bailey no era ilegal, ya que Newel Knight obtuvo una licencia de matrimonio de las autoridades seculares. El estado de Ohio no impugnó la actuación de José de la boda, ya que emitió un certificado de matrimonio para el matrimonio de los Caballeros. Joseph realizó más adelante otros matrimonios en Ohio, y estas parejas asimismo recibió certificados de matrimonio después de que José haya presentado la documentación necesaria.
 
 
 
Una revisión de la ley del estado de Ohio demuestra que la decisión de casarse con José, y su profecía de que tenía derecho a casarse, y que sus enemigos nunca lo iban a enjuiciar por casarse-era correcta. 1824 ley de matrimonio de Ohio señaló que "una sociedad religiosa ... pudo celebrar matrimonios sin licencia, siempre y cuando la ceremonia se llevó a cabo 'agradable a las normas y reglamentos de sus respectivas iglesias.'"{{ref|fn8}}
 
 
 
Las "reglas y reglamentos" con respecto al matrimonio por la Iglesia se habían establecido desde la publicación de lo que entonces era D. y C. 101 en septiembre 1835 {{ref|fn9}}. La boda Knight-Bailey no se produjo hasta 24 de noviembre 1835, y Joseph Smith seguramente tenía la autoridad para llevar a cabo las bodas en la Iglesia, si alguien lo hizo, sobre todo desde D & C 101 declararon que el matrimonio "debe ser realizado por un sumo sacerdote que preside, obispo, anciano, o un sacerdote."{{ref|fn10}}
 
 
 
Al solicitar al secretario del condado para los certificados de matrimonio de otros matrimonios que él realizó, Joseph señaló específicamente que se solemnizado "agradablemente con las reglas y regulaciones de la Iglesia ... en el matrimonio", una clara referencia a la 1824 de Ohio estatuto.
 
 
 
==La bigamia?==
 
 
 
La decisión de José para celebrar matrimonios estaba de acuerdo con la ley del estado de Ohio. Debido a Lydia Bailey no estaba divorciada, sin embargo, los críticos han acusado también a José que permite un matrimonio bígamo, y haciendo alarde de este modo la ley.
 
 
 
Lydia y Newel eran conscientes de la prohibición de la bigamia, y Lydia se negó a casarse con Newel hasta que se acercaron a José en su consejo
 
: Hermano Joseph después de la oración y que refleja un poco o en otras palabras, preguntando [del] Señor dijo que está bien, Ella es su y cuanto antes [son] se casó con la mejor. Diles que ninguna ley podrá hacer daño [a ellos]. No tienen por qué temer, ya sea la ley de Dios o del hombre para [que] no tocarlos; Y el Señor los bendiga. Esta [es la] voluntad del Señor en cuanto al asunto.{{ref|fn11}}
 
 
 
La ley de Ohio tenía, hasta justo antes de su boda, les permite a los cónyuges vuelven a casar sin divorcio formal si habían sido abandonados durante tres años. Esto describe el caso de Lydia, y Newel trató de convencerla de que lo que antes de hablar con José. La preocupación de Lydia sobre el nuevo matrimonio parece haber sido motivada principalmente por las preocupaciones espirituales que era malo a los ojos de Dios para volver a casarse, incluso si la ley podría permitirlo.
 
 
 
Fue, sin duda, debido al abandono que Newel obtuvo la licencia de matrimonio.{{ref|fn13}}  Él probablemente no era consciente-como, tal vez, fueron los que le concedió la licencia-que la ley había cambiado recientemente el periodo de abandono a la'''' cinco años, por lo que el matrimonio podría haber sido ilegal por esos motivos.
 
 
 
Situación de los Caballeros pone de relieve un aspecto del matrimonio de principios del siglo XIX, que los lectores modernos a menudo ignoran. La comunicación en este período difícil, los viajes eran lentos, y los requisitos de mantenimiento de registros varió ampliamente en los Estados Unidos. Como resultado, "bigamia" técnica era una situación común para todas las clases sociales en este período de la historia americana.{{ref|fn14}}  Esto hizo que la persecución de la bigamia raros, y en los casos de abandono algunos cónyuges tuvo que simplemente volver a casarse, ya la obtención de un divorcio formal fue difícil o imposible:
 
 
 
: Desde la bigamia sólo fue procesado en la denuncia de un cónyuge (uno cuyo honor había sido ofendido o para quienes la pérdida de apoyo era irremediable) y cuando el cónyuge ofensor se pudo encontrar por citación, la mayoría de bigamos fueron probablemente nunca arrestado ... A partir de el punto de vista del historiador del derecho, es quizás sorprendente que cualquier persona perseguida bigamia en absoluto. Dada la confusión sobre las leyes estatales en conflicto en el matrimonio, había muchas formas de escapar de aviso, si no convicción.{{ref|fn15}}
 
 
 
La ley de Ohio requiere también que las personas que buscan un divorcio se aplican a la Corte Suprema del Estado, y ser residentes del estado por dos años o menos, en estos términos Lydia habría habido una violación de la ley. Pero, no está claro que ella, Newel, o los que concedió la licencia de matrimonio eran conscientes de este tecnicismo.
 
 
 
A pesar potencialmente violar algunas sutilezas legales, sin embargo, es casi seguro que Lydia no participó en la bigamia. Poco después del matrimonio de los Caballeros, se enteró de que su marido había muerto derrochador. Los Caballeros visto este como una reivindicación de los dones proféticos de José, ya que él les había prometido que no había ningún impedimento moral o legal de su matrimonio, y, él tenía razón.{{ref|fn16}}
 
 
 
 
{{notas finales}}
 
{{notas finales}}
#{{note|fn1}} John L. Brooke, The Refiner's Fire : The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844 (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 212
 
#{{note|fn2}} D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power (Salt Lake City: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates, 1994), 88.
 
#{{note|fn3}} For a critique of Quinn's concept of "theocratic ethics," see Dean C. Jessee, "Review of D. Michael Quinn's the Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power," Journal of Mormon History 22/2 (Fall 1996): 163–165.  Jessee also treats the matter of Joseph Smith performing marriages in Ohio on pp. 166–167.
 
#{{note|fn4}}Klaus J. Hansen, "Quinnspeak (Review of Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example by D. Michael Quinn)," FARMS Review of books 10/1 (1998).
 
#{{note|fn5}} Unless otherwise indicated, the facts in this chapter are drawn from {{BYUS1|author=M. Scott Bradshaw|article=Joseph Smith’s Performance of Marriages in Ohio|vol=39|num=4|date=2000|start=7&ndash;22}} {{pdflink|url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/Products/MoreInfoPage/MoreInfo.aspx?Type=7&ProdID=1473}}.  See also {{BYUS1|author=William G. Hartley|article=Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding|vol=39|num=4|date=2000|start=22&ndash;69}}{{pdflink|url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/Products/MoreInfoPage/MoreInfo.aspx?Type=7&ProdID=1439}}.
 
#{{note|fn6}}Richard S. Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy: A History, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, 1989), 7.
 
#{{note|fn7}} Bradshaw, "Joseph Smith’s Performance of Marriages in Ohio," 43, 45.
 
#{{note|fn8}} Ohio's "Act Regulating Marriages," (1824); cited in Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 18
 
#{{note|fn9}} See Doctrine and Covenants (1835 edition), Section CI.  .  (In 1876, this section was eventually removed, and replaced with the plural marriage revelation as D&C 132.)  We must remember that at this point in Church history, the concept of a "temple sealing" or "eternal" marriage was certainly not being taught, and may well not have even been known to Joseph Smith.  All Church marriages at the time were what modern members would call "civil marriages," such as those performed by an LDS bishop today.
 
#{{note|fn10}} Doctrine and Covenants (1835 edition), Section CI [{{s||DC|101|1}}].
 
#{{note|fn11}} Newel Knight, Autobiography and Journal, LDS Church Archives, folder one, [45] in Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 18.
 
#{{note|fn12}} Lydia's history says that Newel "endeavour[ed] to show her that according to the law she was a free woman, having been deserted for three years with nothing provided for her support." – See Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 15; citing Susa Young Gates [as "Homespun"], Lydia Knight's History: The First Book of the Noble Women's Lives Series (Salt Lake City, Utah: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1883), 28.
 
#{{note|fn13}} – See Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," page??
 
#{{note|fn14}} See Hendrik Harlog, Man & Wife in America: A History (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000), 87; cited in Allen L. Wyatt, "Zina and Her Men: An Examination of the Changing Marital State of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith Young," (Mesa, Arizona: FAIR, 2006 FAIR Conference).
 
#{{note|fn15}} Beverly J. Schwartzberg, Grass Widows, Barbarians, and Bigamists: Fluid Marriage in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Santa Barbara, California: University of California at Santa Barbara Ph.D. dissertation, 2001), 51–52; cited in Wyatt, "Zina and Her Men."
 
#{{note|fn16}}Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 18.
 
 
  
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Joseph Smith ofició en matrimonios realizados en Ohio

Libro de la poligamia, una obra por autor: Gregory L. Smith

Joseph Smith ofició en matrimonios realizados en Ohio

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Nota: Este es un extracto de una obra en la preparación del matrimonio plural. Este proyecto de capítulo se proporciona el uso de FairMormon y sus lectores. (C) 2007-2014 GL Smith. Ninguna otra reproducción está autorizada.

Pregunta: ¿José Smith violó las leyes matrimoniales en Ohio al realizar matrimonios?

  NEEDS TRANSLATION  


Joseph did not knowingly violate marriage laws in Ohio, and seems to have used his prophetic gifts to spare victims of the nineteenth-century's legal and bureaucratic immaturity unnecessary suffering

Joseph did not knowingly violate marriage laws in Ohio, and seems to have used his prophetic gifts to spare victims of the nineteenth-century's legal and bureaucratic immaturity unnecessary suffering. The secular powers honored Joseph's marriages, and provided documentation to ratify his acts. As happens so often, critics condemn Joseph Smith and the early Saints without providing the proper context for their legal choices or moral actions. As we consider the wider implementation of plural marriage in Nauvoo, such context will become increasingly important.

Plural marriage would eventually involve a complex collision of religious belief, secular law, and personal conscience. Many historians have presumed that Joseph Smith always had a cavalier attitude toward civil laws which conflicted with his marital concepts. Even before the broad implementation of plural marriage, critics point to marriages performed by Joseph in Ohio as evidence that he would readily violate secular laws.

As John Brooke put it:

Specifically prohibited from performing the marriage ceremony by the local county court, Smith brushed aside a state-licensed church elder to perform the rites of marriage between Newel [Knight] and Lydia [Bailey] himself. She was not divorced from her non-Mormon husband, so this technically bigamous marriage also challenged a broader moral code…Over the next two months Joseph Smith performed five more illegal marriages.[1]

Brooke claims Joseph was forbidden to perform marriages, that he performed a bigamous marriage, and that he repeatedly disobeyed state marriage laws.

Michael Quinn makes the same type of claim when he opines that

in November 1835 [Joseph] announced a doctrine I call “theocratic ethics.” He used this theology of justify his violation of Ohio’s marriage laws by performing a marriage for Newel Knight and the undivorced Lydia Goldthwaite without legal authority to do so…Theocratic ethics justified LDS leaders and (by extension) regular Mormons in actions which were contrary to conventional ethics and sometimes in violation of criminal laws.[2]

Quinn's introduction of the expression "theocratic ethics" is an excellent example of his regrettable tendency to coin an expression, and then proceed as if his act of definition proves that the phenomenon he has labeled actually exists.[3] In another context, one non-LDS reviewer of Quinn regretted this use of "rather artificial categories that acquire an aura of scholarly respectability through the magic of 'Quinnspeak.'"[4]

Quinn's vocabulary implies that Joseph was using a different sort of ethical standard as most people—and, the term "theocratic" is loaded, since it generally has negative associations. Quinn also makes the entirely unwarranted conclusion "by extension" that Joseph's supposed irregular actions meant that a "regular Mormon" would be likewise justified in following a novel ethical scheme.

Despite such confident claims, the historical record regarding Ohio marriages disagrees with this portrait in almost every particular.[5] Newel Knight, a young widower, wished to marry Lydia Bailey. Lydia was married to an abusive drunkard, who had abandoned her years before. Sidney Rigdon had been refused a license to marry as a Mormon minister, and so many concluded that Mormon elders would not receive state sanction to perform marriages.

Because Seymour Brunson had been a preacher prior to being a Mormon, he held a license to solemnize marriages. Brunson was thus about to perform the Knight-Bailey wedding. In what Van Wagoner calls "a bold display of civil disobedience,"[6] Joseph Smith stepped forward and announced that he would perform the marriage.

The Knight-Bailey wedding was not illegal, since Newel Knight obtained a marriage license from the secular authorities

On the surface, it appears that the critics are justified in arguing that Joseph had no right to perform marriages, and chose to do so anyway. Scott Bradshaw's research, however, found that refusing Rigdon permission to marry was "not justifiable from a legal point of view." Such a legal decision in Ohio "was rare in the 1830s, perhaps even unheard of."[7] The court's refusal to grant Rigdon a license to marry as a Mormon minister likely stemmed from religious prejudice.

The Knight-Bailey wedding was not illegal, since Newel Knight obtained a marriage license from the secular authorities. The state of Ohio did not contest Joseph's performance of the marriage, since it then issued a marriage certificate for the Knights' marriage. Joseph later performed other marriages in Ohio, and these couples likewise received marriage certificates after Joseph submitted the necessary paperwork.

A review of Ohio state law demonstrates that Joseph's decision to perform marriages was correct

A review of Ohio state law demonstrates that Joseph's decision to marry—and his prophesy that he had the right to marry, and that his enemies would never prosecute him for marrying—was correct. Ohio's 1824 marriage law stated that "a religious society…could perform marriages without a license so long as the ceremony was done ‘agreeable to the rules and regulations of their respective churches.’"[8]

The "rules and regulations" regarding marriage for the Church had been established since the publication of what was then D&C 101 in September 1835.[9] The Knight-Bailey wedding did not occur until 24 November 1835, and Joseph Smith surely had the authority to perform weddings in the Church if anyone did, especially since D&C 101 declared that marriage "should be performed by a presiding high priest, bishop, elder, or priest."[10]

When applying to the county clerk for marriage certificates of other marriages which he performed, Joseph specifically noted that they were solemnized "agreeably to the rules and regulations of the Church…on matrimony," a clear reference to the 1824 Ohio statute.


Nota: Este es un extracto de una obra en la preparación del matrimonio plural. Este proyecto de capítulo se proporciona el uso de FairMormon y sus lectores. (C) 2007-2014 GL Smith. Ninguna otra reproducción está autorizada.

Pregunta: Cuando Joseph Smith realizó el matrimonio de Newel Knight y Lydia Bailey, ¿eran culpables de bigamia desde que Lydia no había sido formalmente divorciada de su marido anterior?

  NEEDS TRANSLATION  


Lydia and Newel were aware of the prohibition on bigamy, and Lydia refused to marry Newel until they approached Joseph for his counsel

Joseph's decision to solemnize marriages was in accord with Ohio state law. Because Lydia Bailey was not divorced, however, the critics have also charged Joseph with permitting a bigamous marriage, and thus flaunting the law.

Lydia and Newel were aware of the prohibition on bigamy, and Lydia refused to marry Newel until they approached Joseph for his counsel:

Broth[er] Joseph after p[ray]or & reflecting a little or in other words enquiring [of the] Lord Said it is all right, She is his & the sooner they [are] married the better. Tell them no law shall hurt [them]. They need not fear either the law of God or man for [it] shall not touch them; & the Lord bless them. This [is the] will of the Lord concerning the matter.[11]

Ohio law had, until just prior to their wedding, allowed spouses to remarry without formal divorce if they had been abandoned for three years

Ohio law had, until just prior to their wedding, allowed spouses to remarry without formal divorce if they had been abandoned for three years. This described Lydia's case, and Newel tried to so persuade her before speaking with Joseph. Lydia's concern about remarriage seems to have been motivated mainly by spiritual worries that it was wrong in the sight of God to remarry, even if the law might allow it.[12]

It was doubtless because of abandonment that Newel obtained the marriage license.[13] He was likely unaware—as, perhaps, were those who granted the license—that the law had recently changed the abandonment period to five years, and so the marriage might have been illegal on those grounds.

The Knights' predicament highlights an aspect of early nineteenth-century marriage which modern readers often ignore

The Knights' predicament highlights an aspect of early nineteenth-century marriage which modern readers often ignore. Communication in this period was difficult, travel was slow, and record keeping requirements varied widely across the United States. As a result, technical "bigamy" was a common state of affairs for all social classes at this period in American history.[14] This made the prosecution of bigamy rare, and in cases of abandonment some spouses had to simply remarry since obtaining a formal divorce was difficult or impossible:

Since bigamy was only prosecuted on the complaint of a spouse (one whose honor had been offended or for whom the loss of support was irremediable) and when the offending spouse could be found by summons, most bigamists were probably never arrested...From the standpoint of the legal historian, it is perhaps surprising that anyone prosecuted bigamy at all. Given the confusion over conflicting state laws on marriage, there were many ways to escape notice, if not conviction.[15]

Ohio law also required that persons seeking a divorce apply to the state supreme court, and be state residents for two years—so, on these terms Lydia would have been in violation of the law. But, it is not clear that she, Newel, or those who granted the marriage license were aware of this technicality.

Despite potentially violating some legal niceties, however, Lydia almost certainly did not engage in bigamy since her previous husband had died

Despite potentially violating some legal niceties, however, Lydia almost certainly did not engage in bigamy. Shortly after the Knights' marriage, she learned that her wastrel husband had died. The Knights viewed this as vindication of Joseph's prophetic gifts, since he had promised them that there was no moral or legal impediment to their marriage—and, he was right.[16]


Notas

  1. John L. Brooke, The Refiner's Fire : The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844 (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 212.
  2. Plantilla:Critical Work:Quinn:Mormon Hierarchy 1
  3. For a critique of Quinn's concept of "theocratic ethics," see Dean C. Jessee, "Review of D. Michael Quinn's the Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power," Journal of Mormon History 22/2 (Fall 1996): 163–165. Jessee also treats the matter of Joseph Smith performing marriages in Ohio on pp. 166–167.
  4. Plantilla:FR-10-1-5
  5. Unless otherwise indicated, the facts in this chapter are drawn from M. Scott Bradshaw, "Joseph Smith’s Performance of Marriages in Ohio," Brigham Young University Studies 39 no. 4 (2000), 7–22. See also William G. Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," Brigham Young University Studies 39 no. 4 (2000), 22–69.
  6. Richard S. Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy: A History (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1989), 7.
  7. Bradshaw, "Joseph Smith’s Performance of Marriages in Ohio," 43, 45.
  8. Ohio's "Act Regulating Marriages," (1824); cited in Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 18.
  9. See Doctrine and Covenants (1835 edition), Section CI. . (In 1876, this section was eventually removed, and replaced with the plural marriage revelation as D&C 132.) We must remember that at this point in Church history, the concept of a "temple sealing" or "eternal" marriage was certainly not being taught, and may well not have even been known to Joseph Smith. All Church marriages at the time were what modern members would call "civil marriages," such as those performed by an LDS bishop today.
  10. Doctrine and Covenants (1835 edition), Section CI [DC 101:1].
  11. Newel Knight, Autobiography and Journal, LDS Church Archives, folder one, [45] in Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 18.
  12. Lydia's history says that Newel "endeavour[ed] to show her that according to the law she was a free woman, having been deserted for three years with nothing provided for her support." – See Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 15; citing Susa Young Gates [as "Homespun"], Lydia Knight's History: The First Book of the Noble Women's Lives Series (Salt Lake City, Utah: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1883), 28.
  13. See Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," page [cita requerida]
  14. See Hendrik Harlog, Man & Wife in America: A History (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000), 87; cited in Allen L. Wyatt, "Zina and Her Men: An Examination of the Changing Marital State of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith Young," (Mesa, Arizona: FAIR, 2006 FAIR Conference).
  15. Beverly J. Schwartzberg, Grass Widows, Barbarians, and Bigamists: Fluid Marriage in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Santa Barbara, California: University of California at Santa Barbara Ph.D. dissertation, 2001), 51–52; cited in Wyatt, "Zina and Her Men."
  16. Hartley, "Newel and Lydia Bailey Knight’s Kirtland Love Story and Historic Wedding," 18.